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Chlamydial infections in animals

Chlamydophila abortus Bibliography

Aitken, I.D., Clarkson, M.J. and Linklater, K., 1990. Enzootic abortion of ewes. Vet. Rec. 126: 136-138.

Appleyard, W.T., Aitken, I.D. and Anderson, I., 1983. Outbreak of chlamydial abortion in goats. Vet. Rec. 113: 63.

Amin, A. S. (2003). Application of touchdown enzyme time release (TETR)-PCR for diagnosis of Chlamydophila abortus infection. Research in Veterinary Science 74, 213 - 217.

Anderson, I.E., Tan, T.W., Jones G.E. and Herring, A.J., 1990. Efficacy against ovine enzootic abortion of an experimental vaccine containing purified elementary bodies of Chlamydia psittaci. Vet. Microbiol. 24: 21-27.

Barnes, M.G. and Brainerd, H., 1964. Pneumonitis with alveolar-capillary block in a cattle rancher exposed to epizootic bovine abortion. N. Engl. J. Med. 271: 981-985.

Batteiger, B.E., Rank, R.G., Bavoil, P.M. and Soderberg, L.S.F., 1993. Partial protection against genital reinfection by immunisation of guinea pigs with isolated outer membrane proteins of the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 2965-2972.

Blanco, A.L., 1969. Las neo-rickettsiosis animales en Espana. Rev. Patronato Biologia Animal 12: 5-22.

Borel, N., Doherr, M. G., Vretou, E., Psarrou, E., Thoma, R. & Pospischil, A. (2002). Ovine enzootic abortion: seroprevalence in Switzerland using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 144, 474 - 482. [In German].

Bowen, R.A., Spears, P., Storz, J. and Seidel, G.E., 1978. Mechanisms of infertility in genital tract infections due to C. psittaci transmitted through contaminated semen. J. Inf. Dis. 138: 95-98.

Brown, J. & Entrican, G. (1996) Interferon-gamma mediates long-term persistent Chlamydia psittaci infection in vitro. J Comp Pathol. 115:373-383.

Brown, A.S. , Amos, A.L., Lavin, M.F., Girjes, A.A., Timms, P. and Woolcock, J.B. , 1988. Isolation and typing of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci from Angora goats. Aust. Vet. J. 65: 288-289.

Buxton, D., Anderson, I. E., Longbottom, D., Livingstone, M., Wattegedera, S. & Entrican, G. (2002). Ovine chlamydial abortion: characterization of the inflammatory immune response in placental tissues. Journal of Comparative Pathology 127, 133 - 141.

Caro, M. R., Ortega, N., Buendi, A. J., Gallego, M. C., Rio, L. D., Cuello, F. & Salinas, J. (2003). Relationship between the immune response and protection conferred by new designed inactivated vaccines against ovine enzootic abortion in a mouse model. Vaccine 21, 3126 - 3136.

Chalmers, W.S., Simpson, J., Lee, S.J., Baxendale, W., 1997. Use of a live chlamydial vaccine to prevent ovine enzootic abortion. Vet. Rec. 141: 63-67.

Chanton-Greutmann, H., Thoma, R., Corboz, L., Borel, N. & Pospischil, A. (2002). Abortion in small ruminants in Switzerland: investigations during two lambing seasons (1996-1998) with special regard to chlamydial abortions. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 144, 483 - 492. [In German].

Dane, D.S. and Clapp, K.H., 1956. Complement fixating antibodies to the psittasosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses in South Australia sheep. Aust. Vet. J. 32 : 91-93.

Dawson, M., 1990. Chlamydial zoonoses in Great Britain: a veterinary perspective. Health and Hyg. 11:123-126.

Dawson, M., Zaghloul, A. and Wilsmore, A.J., 1986. Ovine enzootic abortion: experimental studies of immune responses. Res. Vet. Sci. 40: 59-64.

DeGraves, F. J., Gao, D. & Kaltenboeck, B. (2003a). High-sensitivity quantitative PCR platform. Biotechniques. 34, 106 - 110;  112 - 115.

DeGraves, F. J., Gao, D., Hehnen, H. R., Schlapp, T. & Kaltenboeck, B. (2003b). Quantitative Detection of Chlamydia psittaci and C. pecorum by High-Sensitivity Real-Time PCR Reveals High Prevalence of Vaginal Infection in Cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41, 1726 - 1729.

Denamur, E., Sayada, C., Souriau, A., Orfila, J., Rodolakis, A. and Elion, J., 1991. Restriction pattern of the major outer membrane protein gene provides evidence for a homogenous invasive group among ruminant isolates of Chlamydia psittaci. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 2525-2530.

Dungworth, D.L. and Cordy, D.R., 1962. The pathogenesis of ovine pneumonia. I. Isolation of a virus of the PL group. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 72: 49.

Engel, J.N. and Ganem, D., 1987. Chlamydial rRNA operons: gene organisation and identification of putative tandem promoters. J. Bacteriol. 169: 5678-5685.

Enright, J.B. and Sadler, W.W., 1954. Presence in human sera of complement-fixing antibodies to the virus of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85: 466-468.

Everett, K.D.E. and Andersen, A.A., 1997. The ribosomal intergenic spacer and domain I of the 23S rRNA gene are phylogenetic markers for Chlamydia spp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 461-473.

Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M. and Andersen, A.A., 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. Nov. and Simkania fam.nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and fire new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 415-440.

Frost, E.H., Deslandes, S., Veilleux, S. and Bourgaux-Ramoisy, D., 1991. Typing Chlamydia trachomatis by detection of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein. J. Infect. Dis. 163: 1103-1107.

Foggie, A., 1959. The duration of immunity in ewes following vaccination against ovine enzootic abortion virus. Vet Rec 71: 741-742.

Fukushi, H. and Hirai, K., 1993. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 613-617.

Giroud, P., 1957. Observations et donnés expérimentales concernant les avortements chez l'homme et l'animal. Aroh. Inst. Pasteur (Tunis) 34: 187-206.

Giroud, P. and Jadin, J., 1954. Premiers resultats concernant le virus des Bashi isole dans la provence du Kivu au Congo Belge. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 47: 578-588.

Grieg, J.R., 1936. Enzootic abortion in ewes. A preliminary note. Vet. Rec. 48: 1225-1232.

Griffiths, P.C., Philips, H.L., Dawson, M. and Clarkson, M.J., 1992. Antigenic and morphological differentiation of placental and intestinal isolates of Chlamydia psittaci of ovine origin. Vet. Micobiol. 30: 165-177.

Griffiths, P.C., Plater, J.M., Horigan, M.W., Rose, M.P.M., Venables, C. and Dawson, M., 1996. Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by comparative inclusion immunofluorescence, recombinant lipopolysaccharide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and complement fixation test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 1512-1518. Full article  [Acrobat]

Griffiths, P.C., Plater, J.M., Martin, T.C., Hughes, S.L., Hughes, K.J., Hewinson, R.G. and Dawson, M., 1995. Epizootic bovine abortion in a dairy herd: characterisation of a Chlamydia psittaci isolate and antibody response. Br. Vet. J. 151: 683-693.

Hansen, D.E., Hedstom, O.R., Sonn, R.J. and Snyder, S.P., 1990. Efficacy of a vaccine to prevent Chlamydia- or Campylobacter-induced abortions in ewes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196: 731-734.

Herring, A.J., Anderson, I.E., McClenaghan, M., Inglis, N.F., Williams, H., Matheson, B.A., West, C.P., Rodger, M. And Brettle, R.P., 1987. Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA from two isolates of Chlamydia psittaci obtained from human abortions. Brit. Med. J. 295: 1239.

Herring, A.J., Jones, G.E., Dunbar, S.M., Nettleton, P.F., Fitzgerald, T.A., Anderson, I.A., Chapman, S.N. and Wilson, T.M.A., 1998. Recombinant vaccines against Chlamydia psittaci - an overview of results using bacterial expression and a new approach using a plant virus ‘overcoat’ system. In: Chlamydial Infections. Stephens, R.S., Byrne, G.I., Christiansen, G., Clarke, I.N., Grayston, J.T., Rank, R.G., Ridgway, G.L., Saikku, P., Schachter, J. and Stamm, W.E. (ed.). Napa, California, U.S.A., p434-437.

Hewinson, R.G., Griffiths, P.C., Bevan, B.J., Kirwan, S.E.S., Field, M.E., Woodward, M.J. and Dawson, M., 1997. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci DNA in avian clinical samples by polymorase chain reaction. Vet. Microbiol. 54: 155-166. Full article also available

Hewinson, R.G., Griffiths, P.C., Rankin, S.E.S., Dawson, M. and Woodward, M.J., 1991. Towards a differential polymerase chain reaction test for Chlamydia psittaci. Vet. Rec. 128: 381 -382.

Holland, S.M., Gaydos, C.A. and Quinn, T.C., 1990. Detection and differentiation of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae by DNA amplification. J. Infect. Dis. 162: 984-987.

Holliman, A., Daniel, R.G., Parr, J.G., Griffiths, P.C., Bevan, B.J., Martin, T.C., Hewinson, R.G., Dawson, M. and Munro, R., 1994. Chlamydiosis and abortion in a dairy herd. Vet. Rec. 134: 500-502.

Jain, S.K., Rajya, B.S., Mohanty, G.C., Paliwal, O.P., Mehrotra M.L. and Sab, R.L., 1975. Pathology of chlamydial abortion in ovine and caprine. Curr. Sci. 44: 209 - 210.

Jones, G.E., 1999. Chlamydial diseases of the reproductive tract of domestic ruminants. In: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Adverse Outcomes of Pregnancy. Hitchcock, P.J., MacKay, H.T., Wasserheit, J.N. and Binder, R. (eds.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., pp 293-309.

Jones, G.E., Jones, K.A., Machell, J., Brebner, J., Anderson, I.E. and How, S., 1995. Efficacy trials with tissue-grown , inactivated vaccines against chlamydial abortion in sheep. Vaccine 13: 715-723. Full article also available

Jones, G.E., Low, J.C., Machell, J. and Armstrong, K., 1997. Comparison of five tests for the detection of antibodies against chlamydial (enzootic) abortion of ewes. Vet. Rec. 141: 164-168.

Jorgensen, D.M., 1997. Gestational psittacosis in a Montana sheep rancher. Emerg. Infect Dis. 3: 191-194.

Kaltenboeck, B., Heard, D., DeGraves, F.J. and Schmeer N., 1997. Use of synthetic antigens improves detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies against abortigenic Chlamydia psittaci in ruminants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2293-2298. Full article [Acrobat]

Kaltenboeck, B., Kousoulas, K.G. and Storz, J., 1991. Detection and strain differentiation of Chlamydia psittaci mediated by a two-step polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1969-1975.

Kaltenboeck, B., Kousoulas, K.G. and Storz, J., 1992. Two-step polymerase chain reactions and restriction endonuclease analyses detect and differentiate ompA DNA of Chlamydia spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 1098-1104.

Kaltenboeck, B., Kousoulas, K. G. and Storz, J., 1993. Structures of and allelic diversity and relationships among the major outer membrane protein (ompA) genes of the four chlamydial species. J. Bacteriol. 175: 487-502.

Kwapien, R.P., Lincoln, S.D., Reed, D.E., Whiteman, C.E. and Chow, T.L., 1970. Pathologic changes of placentas from heifers with experimentally induced epizootic bovine abortion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 31: 999-1015.

Laroucau K, Souriau A, Rodolakis A. (2001). Improved sensitivity of PCR for Chlamydophila using pmp genes. Vet Microbiol. 82:155-164.

Leonard, C., Caldow, G.L. and Gunn, G.J., 1993 An estimate of the prevalence of enzootic abortion of ewes in Scotland. Vet. Rec.133: 180-183.

Linklater, K.A. and Dyson, D.A., 1979. Field studies on enzootic abortion of ewes in south east Scotland. Vet. Rec. 105: 387-389.

Longbottom, D., Fairley, S., Chapman, S., Psarrou, E., Vretou, E. & Livingstone, M. (2002).Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 4235 - 4243. Full article [Acrobat]

Magnino, S., Vigo, P.G., Griffiths, P.C., Plater, J.M., Bazzocchi, C., De-Guili, L., Donati, M., Cevenini, R., Bandi, C., Bergami, C. and Fabbi, M., 2000. Molecular characterisation of chlamydial strains isolated from Italian dairy cattle affected with endometritis. In: Proceedings of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, vol. 4. Saikku, P. (ed.). Societa Editrice Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p272.

Mare, C.J., 1994. Mammalian chlamydiosis. In: Handbook of Zoonoses. Beran, G.W. (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl., U.S.A., pp 403-415.

Markey, B.K., McNulty, M.S., Todd, D. and Mackie, D.P., 1993. Comparison of ovine abortion and non-abortion isoates of Chlamydia psittaci using inclusion morphology, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol. 35: 141-159.

Meyer, K.F. and Eddie, B., 1956. Psittacosis. In: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. Lennette, E.H. and Schmidt, N.J. (eds.), American Public Health Association , New York, U.S.A., pp 399-430.

McCauley, E.H. and Tieken, E.L., 1968. Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum agent isolated during an abortion epizootic in goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 152: 1758 -1765.

McEwen, A.D. and Foggie, A., 1956. Enzootic abortion in ewes: prolonged immunity following the injection of adjuvant vaccine. Vet. Rec. 68: 686-690.

McKercher, D.G., 1969. Cause and prevention of epizootic bovine abortion. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 154: 1192-1196.

McKercher, D.G., Crenshaw, G.L., Theis, J.H., Wada, E.M. and Mauris, C.M., 1973. Experimentally induced immunity to chlamydial abortion of cattle. J. Infect. Dis. 128: 231-234.

McKinlay, A.W., White, N., Buxton, D., Inglis, J.M., Johnson, F.W., Kurtz, J.B. and Brettle, R.P., 1985. Severe Chlamydia psittaci sepsis in pregnancy. Q. J. Med. 57: 689-696.

Nanda, N.K., Rao, A.T., Nayak, B.C., Rao, A.G. and Mistira, P.R., 1992. Diagnosis of bovine chlamydial abortion in cattle. Ind. Vet. J. 69 : 483 - 486.

Page LA, Smith PC. (1974) Placentitis and abortion in cattle inoculated with chlamydiae isolated from aborted human placental tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 146: 269-75.

Papp JR, Shewen PE, Thorn CE, Andersen AA. (1996). Localization of chronic Chlamydia psittaci infection in the reproductive tract of sheep. J Infect Dis. 174:1296-302.

Papp, JR & Shewen, PE (1997). Chlamydia psittaci infection in sheep: a paradigm for human reproductive tract infection.
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Papp JR, Shewen PE, Thorn CE, Andersen AA. (1998). Immunocytologic detection of Chlamydia psittaci from cervical and vaginal samples of chronically infected ewes. Can J Vet Res. 62:72-4.

Patton DL, Halbert SA, Kuo CC, Wang SP, Holmes KK. (1983) Host response to primary Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tube in pig-tailed monkeys. Fertil Steril. 40: 829-40.

Perez-Martinez, J.A. and Storz, J., 1985. Chlamydial infections of cattle. I and II. Mod. Vet. Pract. 66: 517-522, 603-608.

Perez-Martinez, J.A. and Storz, J., 1985. Antigenic diversity of Chlamydia psittaci of mammalian origin determined by microimmunofluorescence. Infect. Immun. 50: 905-910.

Piercy, D.W., Griffiths, P.C. and Teale, C.J., 1999. Encephalitis related to Chlamydia psittaci infection in a 14-week old calf. Vet. Rec. 144: 126-128.

Pospischil, A., Thoma, R., Hilbe, M., Grest, P., Zimmermann, D. & Gebbers, J. O. (2002). Abortion in humans caused by Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1). Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 144, 463 - 466. [In German].

Pudjiatmoko, Fukushi, H., Ochiai, Y., Yamaguchi, T. and Hirai, K., 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Chlamydia based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Intl. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 425-431.

Rank, R. G., Soderberg, L. S. & Barron, A. L. (1985) Chronic chlamydial genital infection in congenitally athymic nude mice. Infect Immun. 1985 Jun;48(3):847-9.

Reed, D.E., Lincoln, S.D., Kwapien, R.P., Chow, T.L. and Whiteman, C.E., 1975. Comparison of antigenic structure and pathogenicity of bovine intestinal chlamydia isolate with an agent of epizootic bovine abortion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 36: 1141.

Rodolakis, A. and Souriau, A., 1983. Response of ewes to temperature-sensitive mutants of Chlamydia psittaci (var ovis) obtained by NTG mutagenesis. Ann. Rech. Vet. 14: 155-161.

Rodolakis, A., Souriau, A., Raynaud, J.P. and Brunault, G., 1980. Efficacy of a long-acting oxytetracycline against chlamydial ovine abortion. Ann. Rech. Vet. 11: 437-444.

Rodolakis, A., Bernard, F. and Lantier, F., 1989. Mouse models for evaluation of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from ruminants. Res. Vet. Sci. 46 :34-39.

Ronsholt, L. and Brasse, A., 1981. Bovine mastitis induced by a common intestinal Chlamydia psittaci strain. Acta. Vet. Scand. 22: 9.

Salti-Montesanto, V., Tsoli, E., Papavassiliou, P., Psarrou, E., Markey, B.K., Jones, G.E. and Vretou, E., 1997. Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion, using a competitive ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies against variable segments 1 and 2 of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58: 228-235.

Schachter, J., Banks, J., Sugg, N., Sung, M., Storz, J. and Meyer, K.F., 1974. Serotyping of Chlamydia. I. Isolates of ovine origin. Infect. Immun. 9: 92-94.

Schachter, J., Banks, J., Sugg, N., Sung, M., Storz, J. and Meyer, K.F., 1975. Serotyping of Chlamydia: isolates of bovine origin. Infect. Immun. 11: 904-907.

Schoop, G., Krüger-Hansen, U. and Wachendörfer, G., 1965. Zur isolierung von Miyagawanellen aus abortierten rinderfeten. Zentralbl. Vet. Med. 12: 25-32.

Scieux, C., Grimont, F., Regnault, B. and Grimont, P.A.D., 1992. DNA fingerprinting of Chlamydia trachomatis by use of ribosomal RNA, oligonucleotide and randomly cloned DNA probes. Res. Microbiol.. 143:755-765.

Sheehy, N., Markey, B., Gleeson, M. and Quinn, P.J., 1996. Differentiation of Chlamydia psittaci and C. pecorum strains by species-specific PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 3175-3179. Full article [Acrobat]

Sheehy, N., Markey, B. and Quinn, P.J., 1997. Analysis of partial 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences of Chlamydia pecorum and C. psittaci. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 17: 201-205.

Shewen, P.E., 1980. Chlamydial infection in animals: a review. Can. Vet. J. 21: 2-11.

Siarkou, V., Lambropoulos, A. F., Chrisafi, S., Kotsis, A. & Papadopoulos, O. (2002). Subspecies variation in Greek strains of Chlamydophila abortus. Veterinary Microbiology 85, 145 - 157.

Souriau, A., Salinas, J., De Sa, C., Layachi, K. and Rodolakis, A., 1994. Identification of subspecies- and serotype 1-specific epitopes on the 80- to 90-kilodalton protein region of Chlamydia psittaci that may be useful for diagnosis of chlamydial induced abortion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55: 510-514.

Spears, P. and Storz, J., 1979. Biotyping of Chlamydia psittaci based on inclusion morphology and response to diethylaminoethyl-dextran and cycloheximide. Infect. Immun. 24: 224-232.

Stamp, J.T., McEwen, A.D., Watt, J.A.A. and Nisbet, D.I., 1950. Enzootic abortion in ewes. I. Transmission of the disease. Vet. Rec. 62: 251-254.

Stamp, J.T., Watt, J.A.A. and Cockburn, R.B., 1952. Enzootic abortion in ewes. Complement fixation test. J. Comp. Pathol. 62: 93-101.

Storz, J., 1968. Comparative studies on EBA and EAE, abortion diseases of cattle and sheep resulting from infection with psittacosis agents. In: Abortion diseases in livestock. Faulkner, L.C. (ed.). Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, U.S.A., p108- 127.

Storz, J., 1969. Psittacosis infection of the fetus and its effect on the dam. Zentralbl. Vet. Med. 16:1-10.

Storz, J., 1971. Intestinal chlamydial infections of ruminants. In Chlamydia and Chlamydia-Induced Diseases. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A., p. 146-154.

Storz, J., 1988. Overview of animal diseases induced by chlamydial infections. In Microbiology of Chlamydia. A.L. Barron (ed.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A., p. 167-192.

Storz, J. and Krauss, H., 1985. In Handbuch der Bakteriellen Infectionen bei Tieren. H. Blobel and T. Schliesser (ed.).VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, p. 447-531.

Studdert, M.J. and Kennedy, P.C., 1964. Enzootic abortion of ewes. Nature 203: 1088.

Storz, J. and McKercher, D.G., 1962. Etiological studies on epizootic bovine abortion. Zentralbl. Vet. Med. 9: 411-427, 520-541.

Storz, J., McKercher, D.G., Howarth, J.A. and Straub, O.C., 1960. The isolation of a viral agent from epizootic bovine abortion. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 137: 509- 514.

Storz, J. and Whiteman, C.E., 1981. Bovine chlamydial abortions. Bovine Pract. 16: 71.

Studdert, M.J., 1963. Bedsonia abortion of sheep. II. Pathology and pathogenesis with observation on the normal ovine placenta. Res. Vet. Sci. 9: 57.

Tan, T.W., Herring, A.J., Anderson, I.E. and Jones, G.E., 1990. Protection of sheep against Chlamydia psittaci infection with a subcellular vaccine containing the major outer membrane protein. Infect. Immun. 58 3101-3108.

Thiele, D., Wittenbrink, M.M., Fischer, D. and Krauss, H., 1992. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in abortion material from ewes. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 277: 446-453.

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Villemonteix, P., Agius, G., Ducroz, B., Rouffineau, J., Plocoste, V., Castets, M. and Magnin, G., 1990. Pregnancy complicated by severe Chlamydia psittaci infection acquired from a goat flock: case report. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 37: 91-94.

Waldhalm, D.G., DeLong, W.J. and Hall, R.F., 1982. Efficacy of a bacterin prepared from Chlamydia psittaci grown in cell culture for experimental immunization of ewes. Vet. Microbiol. 7: 493-498.

Williams DM, Schachter J, Weiner MH, Grubbs B. (1984). Antibody in host defense against mouse pneumonitis agent (murine Chlamydia trachomatis). Infect Immun. 45: 674-678.

Wilsmore, A.J., Abdulgalil, S.A., Parsons, V.H. and Dawson, M., 1984. Observations on a skin sensitivity test for ovine enzootic abortion. Brit. Vet. J. 140: 468-477.

Wilsmore, A.J., Izzard, K.A., Dagnall, G.J., Wilsmore, B.C. and Woodland, R.M., 1990. Protection of ewes vaccinated with A22 strain Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) against challenge in pregnancy with homologous and heterologous strains of the organism. Br. Vet. J. 146: 349-353.

Wilson, M.R. and Dungworth, D.L., 1963. Psittacosis lymphogranuloma-venereum group viruses in sheep. Comparison between a faecal and an enzootic abortion strain. J. Comp.Pathol. 73: 277-284.

Wittenbrink, M.M., Schoon, H.A., Schoon, D., Mansfield, R. and Bisping, W., 1993. Endometritis in cattle experimentally induced by Chlamydia psittaci. J. Vet. Med. B40: 437-450.

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