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C. pneumoniae has also been associated with other chronic diseases including sarcoidosis, and bronchial and lung cancer etc [see also introduction, Table 1]. References to these topics are hyperlinked below. In general the literature is sparse and studies of these chronic diseases are characterised by conflicting results which is likely to be in part due to a lack of standardized methodology, particularly for the diagnosis of chronic infection. 

[YW] Jan 2002, [MEW] August 2003

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Cribier B, Caille A, Heid E, Grosshans E. (1998). Erythema nodosum and associated diseases. A study of 129 cases. International Journal of Dermatology 37, 667 - 672.

Laurila AL, Von Hertzen L, Saikku P. (1997). Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic lung diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases [Suppl.] 104, 34 - 36. 

Laurila, A. L., Anttila, T., Laara, E., Bloigu, A., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D. et al. (1997). Serological evidence of an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer 74, 31 - 34.

Koyi, H., Branden, E., Gnarpe, J., Gnarpe, H., Arnholm, B. & Hillerdal, G. (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae may be associated with lung cancer. Preliminary report on a seroepidemiological study. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica (APMIS) 107, 828 - 832.

Jackson, L. A., Wang, S. P., Nazar-Stewart, V., Grayston, J. T. & Vaughan, T. L. (2000). Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae immunoglobulin A seropositivity and risk of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 9, 1263 - 1266.

Kern, D.G., Neill, M. A., Wrenn, D. S. & Varone, J. C. (1993). Investigation of a unique time-space cluster of sarcoidosis in firefighters. American Review of Respiratory Disease 148, 974 - 980.

Marie I, Lecomte F, Levesque H, Janvresse C, Kerleau JM, Cailleux N, Courtois H. (1999). Lofgren's syndrome as the first manifestation of acute infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae: a prospective study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 28, 691 - 692.

Mills, G. D., Allen, R. K. & Timms, P. (1998). Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA is not detectable within sarcoidosis tissue. Pathology 30, 295 - 298.

Puolakkainen, M., Campbell, L. A., Kuo, C. C., Leinonen, M., Gronhagen-Riska, C. & Saikku, P. (1996). Serological response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with sarcoidosis. Journal of Infection 33, 199 - 205.

Tauber, E., Wojnarowski, C., Horcher, E., Dekan, G. & Frischer, T. (1999). Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis in a 14-yr-old female. European Respiratory Journal 13, 703 - 705.

von Dadelszen, P. & Magee, L. A. (2002). Could an infectious trigger explain the differential maternal response to the shared placental pathology of preeclampsia and normotensive intrauterine growth restriction? Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica 81, 642 - 648.

von Dadelszen, P., Magee, L. A., Krajden, M., Alasaly, K., Popovska, V., Devarakonda, R. M., Money, D. M., Patrick, D. M. & Brunham, R. C. (2003). Levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are increased in early onset pre-eclampsia. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 110, 725 - 730.